1. George Rude. The Crowd in History: A Study of Popular Disturbances in France and England, 1730-1848 (1964), p. 255.

2. For example, E.P. Thompson, Whigs and Hunters: The Origin of the Black Act (1975); Douglas Hay et al., Albion's Fatal Tree (1975); John Foster, Class Struggle and the Industrial Revolution: Early Industrial Capitalism in Three English Towns (1974).

3. On this point, see W.M. Reddy, "The Textile Trade and the Language of the Crowd at Rouen," Past and Present (February 1977), pp. 62-89.