Bradley University Social Work Program

SW 310 Child Welfare I

Fall, 2003

 

 

Instructor: Wayne C. Evens, MSW, Ph.D.,

124 BR

phone: 677-2392

e-mail: evens@bradley.edu

Class: Monday, Wednesday, Friday 1:00-1:50, Bradley 318

Office Hours: W 10:00-11:00 & 2:00-3:00, TH 3:00-4:00, and by appointment

Electronic Office Hours (on BlackBoard) W T 3:00-4:00

 

Accommodation: Any student with a disability or special need who requires accommodation should inform the instructor at the beginning of this course.

 

Non-Discrimination Statement: Students will be expected to display respect for fellow students' and clients' unique characteristics including race, color, gender, age, socioeconomic status, religion, creed, ethnic or national origin, veteran status, disability, sexual orientation, and political orientation.

All assignments will use non-discriminatory language.

 

Intercollegiate Competition: Any student representing Bradley University in an intercollegiate competition may be excused from class for a scheduled event if they discuss this with the instructor in advance and with the proper documentation. Students will be allowed to make up any work; however, the student has the responsibility to arrange this with the instructor in advance of the absence.

 

Relationship to other courses in the Curriculum: Child Welfare I, as the theory course, precedes Child Welfare II, which is a practice course. Both Child Welfare I and Child Welfare II should precede a field practicum in a child welfare setting.

 

Generalist Practice Principles

 

  1. A systems approach provides the basic framework for understanding the generalist practice perspective and planning interventions with multiple systems.
  2. Problems in living are presented from a person-in-environment perspective, with focus on the transactions between individuals and the environment.
  3. Assessments and interventions must address both intrapsychic and environmental strengths and stressors.
  4. Generalist practice involves assessment and interventions at the micro, mezzo, and macro levels.
  5. Practice is based on the problem solving process and knowledge, skills, and values that are applicable across settings with diverse populations and in a variety of problem areas.

6.  Critical analysis of social problems is inherent in generalist practice and results in both practice and policy responses.

  1. Empirical research provides a solid foundation for both education and practice and generalist practitioners are expected to participate in practice evaluation activities.
  2. Generalist practice often requires the social worker to function in multiple roles depending on the needs of the client system.

 

I. Course Description

 

Child Welfare I examines the theory and knowledge associated with practice in the field of child welfare. This course covers the areas of policy, normative child development, disruptions in child development, and the continuum of services for children in society.

 

IL Course Objectives

 

Knowledge

 

  1. Students will acquire the knowledge of policy initiatives in the field of child welfare.
  2. Students will review the knowledge of normative child development and how disruptions occur from problems in society, which inhibit optimal functioning of families and children.
  3. Students will acquire the knowledge of the potential negative effects of child abuse, neglect, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, family violence, and ther traumatic events can have on human development.
  4. Students will acquire the knowledge of the negative impact from the macro environment such as poverty and homelessness on human development.
  5. Students will acquire the knowledge of the continuum of services across the child welfare system including the educational, legal, and social service system.

 

Skills

 

  1. Students will acquire the ability to recognize the effects of maltreatment on childhood development.
  2. Students will demonstrate the ability to identify the scope of services delivered to families and children by child welfare providers.
  3. Students will demonstrate the ability to identify the problems in society that hinder optimal functioning of families and children.
  4. Students will demonstrate the ability to identify various risk factors contributing to child maltreatment.
  5. Students will demonstrate the ability to understand how policy impacts on social and economic justice issues in child welfare.

 

Values

 

  1. Students will demonstrate an understanding of the effects of racism, discrimination, and poverty on families and children.
  2. Students will develop awareness of their own values and biases that strengthen or hinder competent social work practice with children and families.
  3. Students will examine attitudes and behaviors that are barriers to respectful and helpful responses to clients who are from historically and currently oppressed groups such as persons of color, women, children, people of minority sexual orientation, and persons with disabilities.
  4. Students will examine the particular application of the code of ethics to working with vulnerable populations such as children.

 

III. Learning Resources

 

A.  Primary texts:

 

Downs, S. W., Moore, E., McFadden, E. & Costin, L. (1999). Child Welfare and Family Services: Policies and Practice (6th ed.). New York: Allyn & Bacon.

Feld, B. C. (1999). Bad kids: Race and the transformation of the juvenile court. New York: Oxford.

 

B.  Materials will be posted to Blackboard during the course.

C.  Students will find articles relevant to their assigned population in the library.

 

 

IV. Evaluation

 

Assignments

 

1.  Dictionary assignment: Using dictionaries other than the typical Collegiate Dictionary, look up several definitions for "Child" and "Welfare", then develop a definition of what the course should be about. Be creative. Submit a one to two paragraph definition of "Child Welfare"
Worth 10 points
Due Aug. 29

2.  Mini exams: There will be five mini-exams throughout the semester. These are worth 20 points each for a total of 100 points. They will be on:
Sept. 12
Oct. 17
Oct. 31
Nov. 14
Nov. 28


3.  Multi-cultural assignment: In the first week of class, students will be assigned to a group. Each group will be assigned a racial or ethnic population. The group will research the way this group defines children and its child rearing values. As we discuss various issues, the group will be responsible to bring its population's perspective to the discussion. The group will write a paper presenting a critique of current child welfare theory and practice from the perspective of its population. The paper is worth 90 points.
Paper due: Dec. 7

4.  A final worth 100 points will be given on Friday, Dec. 12, 2003, 2:30-4:30.

 

A word of warning: my exams require that you know the material and be able to think about it and apply it to life situations.

 

Please use your Bradley ID number, not your name on all assignments. This allows blind grading. If you are uncomfortable with this please seem me so we can decide on an identifier for you.

 

NO GRADES WILL BE GIVEN OUT BY TELEPHONE OR EMAIL. GRADES WILL BE POSTED TO THE COURSE BLACKBOARD WEBSITE.

 

Distribution of points:

270-300 = A

240-269 = B

210-239 = C

180-209 = D

 

Class Schedule

 

Aug. 27:

Introduction to class, grading, syllabus, etc.

The History of Child Welfare Services: The Shift from chattel to the doctrine of parens patriae.

 

Aug. 29:

History of child welfare and juvenile courts

Readings:     Downs, et. al. Chapters 1&2.

 

Dictionary Assigment due today

 

Sept. 1 - 5

Social Constructionism and defining the child.

Readings: Downs, et. al. Chapter 11

Feld, Chapters 1&2.

 

 

Sept.  8 - 12

Social construction of the family.

Readings: Downs, et. al. Ch. 2

          Feld. Ch. 5

FIRST MINI-EXAM: SEPT.12

 

Sept.  15 - 19

Review of child development. We will discuss growth processes.

Readings: Posting on Blackboard on Growth

Go to: www.americanbaby.com   read some of the postings under the development tab.

 

Sept.   22 - 26

Effects of abuse and neglect on child development.

Readings:     Downs et. al. Ch. 7

    

Sept.     29 – Oct. 3

Social neglect of children.

Readings: Downs, et. al. Chaps. 3 & 4

         

Oct.      6 - 10

Social and policy issues in child protection.

Readings: Downs, et. al. Ch. 6

          Feld, Intro., ch. 4

 

FALL RECESS, NO CLASS OCT. 13

 

Oct.   15 - 17

The juvenile court.

Readings: Feld, Ch. 3

SECOND MINI-EXAM: OCT. 17

 

Oct.  20 - 24

The development of child protection laws.

Readings: DCFS Mandatory Reporters Manual, this will be distributed in class.

A legal history will be posted to the Blackboard site.

 

Oct.  27 - 31

Programs to support families.

Readings: Downs, et. al. Chaps. 4&5

THIRD MINI-EXAM: OCT. 31

 

Nov.  3 - 7

Programs to support families.

Readings: Downs, et. al.     Chaps. 8&9

    

Nov.  10 - 14

Placing children

Readings: Downs, et. al.     Chaps. 10&12

FOURTH MINI-EXAM: NOV.  14

 

Nov.  17 -21

Delinquency as a child protection problem.

Readings: Feld, Chaps. 6&7

THANKSGIVING RECESS, NO CLASS NOV. 20 & 22

 

Nov. 24 - 28

Reforming the system.

Readings: Feld, Ch. 8

FIFTH MINI-EXAM: NOV. 28

 

Dec. 1 - 5

Looking at the whole system of child care and protection.

MULTI-CULTURAL PAPER DUE: DEC. 5

 

Dec. 8

Review of course and course evaluation.

 

FINAL: Friday, Dec. 12, 2003, 2:30-4:30.

 

 

 


CLASSROOM RULES

 

1.  Acknowledge that oppression exists. People experience life differently because of race, class, gender, age, sexual orientation and disabilities.

2.  Acknowledge that oppression derives in part from misinformation.

3.  Do not blame yourself or others for having misinformation.

4.  Do not blame the victims and survivors of oppressive social conditions.

5.  Assume people are always doing their best.

6.  Actively seek and share information about culture and its effects with the goals of understanding other cultures and eliminating false information about cultures.

7.  Accept others’ experiences as valid.

8.  Create a safe and confidential environment where discussion of cultural issues can be conducted. Allow others to teach you about their experiences.

(Adapted from: Cannon, L. W. (1990). Fostering positive race, class, and gender dynamics in the classroom. Women’s Studies Quarterly, 18, 126-134.


Bibliography Child Welfare

     Ainsworth, J. E. (1996). The court's effectiveness in protecting the rights of juveniles in delinquency cases. The future of children: The juvenile court, 6(3), 64-74.

     Alyshuler, S. J., & Gleeson, J. P. (1999). Completing the evaluation triangle for the next century: Measuring child "well being" in family foster care. Child Welfare, LXXVII(1), 125-147.

     Armstrong, K. A. (1983). Economic Analysis of a Child Abuse and Neglect Program. Child Welfare, LXII(1), 3-13.

     Atkinson, A. M. (1994). Rural and Urban Families' use of child care. Family Relations, 43, 16-22.

     Barbell, K., & Wright, L. (1999). Family foster care in the next century. Child Welfare, LXXVII(1), 3-14.

     Barber, M., & Schneider, A. (1998, Issue Date). "The Power to Harm" AND "Detective a man, who charmed, harmed". Wallstreet Journal.

     Barth, R. P., & Price, A. (1999). Shared family care: Providing services to parents and children placed together in out-of-home care. Child Welfare, LXXVII(1), 88-107.

     Benedict, M. I., Zuravin, S., Somerfield, M., & Brandt, D. (1996). The reported health and functioning of children maltreated while in foster care. Child Abuse and Neglect, 20(7), 561-571.

     Berliner, L., & Conte, J. R. (1993). Sexual Abuse Evaluations: Conceptual and Empirical Obstacles. Child Abuse and Neglect, 17, 111-125.

     Bernstein, N. (2001). The lost children of Wilder: The epic struggle tochange foster care. New York: Pantheon.

     Bratton, L. B., & Evens, W. C. Issues in Rural Child Abuse and Prevention Programming. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University.

     Burry, C. L. (1999). Evaluation of a training program for foster parents of infants with prenatal substance effects. Child Welfare, LXXVII(1), 197-214.

     Carlsson-Paige, N., & Levin, D. E. (1992, Noovember 1992). Making Peace in Violent Times: A Constructivist Approach to Conflict Resolution. Young Children, 4-12.

     Carroll, C. A., & Haase, C. C. (1987). The function of protective services in child abuse and neglect. In R. E. Helfer & R. S. Kempe (Eds.), The battered child (4th ed., pp. 137-151). Chicago: University of Chicago.

     Carten, A. J. (1996). Mothers in Recovery: Rebuilding Families inthe Aftermath of Addiction. Social Work, 41(2), 214-223.

     Cavara, M., & Ogren, C. (1983). Protocol to Investigate Child Abuse in Foster Care. Child Abuse and Neglect, 7(3), 287-295.

     CDF. (1996). Summary of Legislation Affecting Children in 1996 (Legislation Summary ). Washington DC: Childen's Defense Fund.

     CDF. (1997). High Rates of Terminations for Children with Disabilities.: Children's Defense Fund.

     Chipungu, S. S. (1991). Chapter 11: A value-based policy framework. In J. E. Everett & S. S. Chipungu & B. R. Leashore (Eds.), Child welfare: An Africentric perspective (pp. 290-395). New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers.

     Cimmarusti, R. A. (1992). Family Preservation Practice Based upon a Multisystems Approach. Child Welfare, LXXI(3), 214-254.

     Cohn, A. H. (1987). Our national priorities for prevention. In R. E. Helfer & R. S. Kempe (Eds.), The battered child (4th ed., pp. 444-456). Chicago: University of Chicago.

     Conchelos, G. (1984a). Adoption: Problems and related practices. In F. Maidman (Ed.), Child welfare: A source book of knowledge and practice (pp. 323-356). New York: Child Welfare League of America.

     Conchelos, G. (1984b). A theoretical view of community work. In F. Maidman (Ed.), Child welfare: A source book of knowledge and practice (pp. 65-88). New York: Child Welfare League of America.

     Conerly, S. (1986). Assessment of suspected child sexual abuse. In K. MacFarlane & J. Waterman (Eds.), Sexual abuse of young children (pp. 30-51). New York: Guilford.

     Convery, P. (1984). Group work with unmarried parents. In F. Maidman (Ed.), Child welfare: A source book of knowledge and practice (pp. 437-440). New York: Child Welfare League of America.

     Costin, L. B. (1992). Cruelty to Children: A Dormant Issue and Its Rediscovery, 1920-1960. Social Service Review, 177-198.

     Damon, L., & Waterman, J. (1986). Parallel group treatment of children and their mothers. In K. MacFarlane & J. Waterman (Eds.), Sexual abuse of young children (pp. 244-298). New York: Guilford.

     Darnell, D. (1997). A Broader Definition of Parental Alienation. parentalalienation.org. Available: http://www.parentalalienation.org/PASfound2.htm [1999, March 11].

     Davey, R. L., & Hill, J. (1995). A Study of the Variability of Training and Beliefs among Professionals who Interview Children to Investigate Suspected Sexual Abuse. Child Abuse and Neglect, 19(8), 933-942.

     DCFS. Child Abuse/Neglect Statistics (Statisticsw ): Department of Children and Family Services.

     Downs, S. W., Costin, L. B., & McFadden, E. J. (1996). Child welfare and family services: Policies and practice (5th ed.). White Plains, NY: Longman.

     Downs, S. W., Moore, E., McFadden, E. J., & Costin, L. B. (2000). Child welfare and family services: policies and practice (6th ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.

     Drake, B. (1996). Comsumer and worker perceptions of key child welfare competencies. Children and Youth Services Review, 18(3), 261-279.

     Duquette, D. N. (1987). Liberty and lawyers in chiild protection. In R. E. Helfer & R. S. Kempe (Eds.), The battered child (4th ed., pp. 401-422). Chicago: University of Chicago.

     Durfee, M. J., Heger, A. H., & Woodling, B. (1986). Medical evaluation. In K. MacFarlane & J. Waterman (Eds.), Sexual abuse of young children (pp. 52-66). New York: Guilford.

     Dziech, B. W., & Schudson, C. B. (1989). On trial: America's courts and their treatment of sexually abused children. Boston: Beacon Press.

     English, R. A. (1991). Diversity of world views among African American families. In J. E. Everett & S. S. Chipungu & B. R. Leashore (Eds.), Child welfare: An Africentric perspective (pp. 19-35). New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers.

     Ethier, L. S., Couture, G., Lacharite, C., & Gagnier, J.-P. (2000, Accepted 30 June 1999). Impact of a multidemensional intervention programme applied to families at risk for child neglect. Child Abuse Review, 9, 19-36.

     Everett, J. E. (1991). Introduction:Children in crisis. In J. E. Everett & S. S. Chipungu & B. R. Leashore (Eds.), Child welfare: An Africentric perspective (pp. 1-18). New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers.

     Everett, J. E., Chipungu, S. S., & Leashore, B. R. (1991). Conclusion: Within our power. In J. E. Everett & S. S. Chipungu & B. R. Leashore (Eds.), Child welfare: An Africentric perspective (pp. 306-312). New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers.

     Faller, K. C. (1984). Is the child victim of sexual abuse telling the truth? Child Abuse and Neglect, 8, 473-481.

     Faller, K. C. (1988). Criteria for Judging the credibility of children's statements about their sexual abuse. Child Welfare, LXVII(5), 389-401.

     Faller, K. C., & Corwin, D. L. (1995). Children's interview statements and behaviors: role in identifying sexually abused children. Child Abuse and Neglect, 19(1), 71-82.

     The Fatality Rate of Child Abuse in Illinois(1998). Multnomah County Violenced Prevention Community Resource Directory. Available: http://www.multnomah.lib.or.us/health/opd/violprev/manual/child.html [1999, 1/20/99].

     Feldman, K. W. (1987). Child abuse by burning. In R. E. Helfer & R. S. Kempe (Eds.), The battered child (4th ed., pp. 197-213). Chicago: University of Chicago.

     Ferguson, L. (1984). Do we serve the best interests of the infant? An umarried parents worker's dilemma. In F. Maidman (Ed.), Child welfare: A source book of knowledge and practice (pp. 441-444). New York: Child Welfare League of America.

     Fish, S. (1984a). Casework to foster parents and children. In F. Maidman (Ed.), Child welfare: A source book of knowledge and practice (pp. 235-262). New York: Child Welfare League of America.

     Fish, S. (1984b). Social work practice and foster care: Pre-placement activities. In F. Maidman (Ed.), Child welfare: A source book of knowledge and practice (pp. 213-234). New York: Child Welfare League of America.

     Fong, R. (1994). Family preservation: Making it work for Asians. Child Welfare, LXXIII(4), 331-341.

     Fox, S. J. (1996). The early history of the court. The future of children: The juvenile court, 6(3), 29-39.

     Gaudin, J. M. (1993). Child neglect: A guide for intervention. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Ser vices.

     Gellert, G. A., Berkowitz, C. D., Gellert, M. J., & Durfee, M. J. (1993). Testing the sexually abused child for the HIV antibody: issues for the social worker. Social Work, 38(4), 389-394.

     Giovannoni, J. M. (1993, June 27-28, 1993). A child-centered resolution. Paper presented at the National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect: Chronic Neglect Symposium, Chicago, IL.

     Gomes, P. G., & Mabry, C. A. (1991). Negotiating the world: The developmental journey of African American childreen. In J. E. Everett & S. S. Chipungu & B. R. Leashore (Eds.), Child welfare: An Africentric perspective (pp. 156-182). New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers.

     Gould, K. H. (1991). Limiting damage is not enough: A minority perspective on child welfare. In J. E. Everett & S. S. Chipungu & B. R. Leashore (Eds.), Child welfare: An Africentric perspective (pp. 58-83). New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers.

     Haight, W. L., Kagle, J. D., & Black, J. E. (1998). Supporting Parent-Child attachment relationships through foster care. Urbana, IL: School of Social Work, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign.

     Hampton, R. L. (1991). Child abuse in the African American community. In J. E. Everett & S. S. Chipungu & B. R. Leashore (Eds.), Child welfare: An Africentric perspective (pp. 220-246). New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers.

     Hardin, M. (1996). Responsibilities and effectiveness of the juvenile court in handling dependency cases. The future of children: The juvenile court, 6(3), 111-125.

     Hardin, M. (1997 (June 5)). Sample List of Substantive Issues in developing a plan for improvement. ABA Center on Children and the Law

Permanency Partnership Forum II. Available: http://www.abanet.org/child/samlist.html [1999, 3/5/99].

     Harper-Dorton, K. V., & Herbert, M. (1999). Working with children and their families. Chicago: Lyceum Books, Inc.

     Harwin, J. (1995). Russian children's rights. In B. Franklin (Ed.), The Handbook of Children's Rights (pp. 227-237). London and New York: Routledge.

     Helfer, M. E. (1987). Communicating in the therapeutic relationship: Concepts, strategies, and skills. In R. E. Helfer & R. S. Kempe (Eds.), The battered child (4th ed., pp. 117-126). Chicago: University of Chicago.

     Helfer, R. E. (1987a). The developmental basis of child abuse and neglect: An epidemiological approach. In R. E. Helfer & R. S. Kempe (Eds.), The battered child (4th ed., pp. 60-80). Chicago: University of Chicago.

     Helfer, R. E. (1987b). The litany of smoldering neglect of children. In R. E. Helfer & R. S. Kempe (Eds.), The battered child (4th ed., pp. 301-311). Chicago: University of Chicago.

     Helfer, R. E. (1987c). An overview or prevention. In R. E. Helfer & R. S. Kempe (Eds.), The battered child (4th ed., pp. 425-433). Chicago: University of Chicago.

     Hess, P. M., & Folaron, G. (1991). Ambivalences: A Callenge to Permanency for Children. Child Welfare, LXX(4), 403-435.

     HFJustice. (1998a). Abusive Mom of Obese Teen Sentenced. Child Welfare Resource Centre [1998, 2/27/1998].

     HFJustice. (1998b). Therapy Falls Out of Favor. Child Welfare Resource Centre. Available: http://www.childwelfare.ca [1998, 2/27/1998].

     Horejsi, C. (1987). Protocols in Child Welfare: an example. Child Welfare, 66(5), 423-431.

     Houvinen, M. (1996). A study of the basic needs of the mentally handicapped in the Segezha district (Research/Technical ). Finland: Kainuu International Centre for Health Care and Social Services.

     Howlin, P., & Jones, D. P. H. (1996). An Assessment approach to Abuse Allegations made through Facilitated Communication. Child Abuse and Neglect, 20(2), 103-110.

     Hughes, S. (1999, May/June). Child welfare: How tofix a failing system. The Pennsylvania Gazette, 22-28.

     Jamieson, M., & Bodonyi, J. M. (1999). Data-driven child welfare policy and practice in the next century. Child Welfare, LXXVII(1), 15-30.

     Jones, D. P. H., & Alexander, H. (1987). Treating the abusive family within the family care system. In R. E. Helfer & R. S. Kempe (Eds.), The battered child (4th ed., pp. 338-359). Chicago: University of Chicago.

     Kalichman, S. (1988). Mental Health professionals and suspected cases of child abuse: an investigation of factors influencing reporting. Community mental health journal, 24(1), 43-51.

     Kamerman, S. B., & Kahn, A. J. (1994). Family policy and the under-3s: money, services,and time in a policy package. International Social Security Review, 47(3), 31-43.

     Karger, J.-H. (1995). Political Correctness, Social Work, and the breakdown of the child abuse system. Early child development and care, 106, 5-17.

     Kashima, B., Feldman, D., & Lowry, C. (1984). Working with West Indian adolescent mothers. In F. Maidman (Ed.), Child welfare: A source book of knowledge and practice (pp. 445-450). New York: Child Welfare League of America.

     Katz, L. (1999). Concurrent planning: Benefits and pitfalls. Child Welfare, LXXVII(1), 71-87.

     Keefe, T., & McCullagh, J. G. (1995). Child Poverty: A "Fair Deal" for Children. Social Development Issues, 17(1), 87-96.

     Kelly, R. J., & Scott, M. M. (1986). Sociocultural considerations in child sexual abuse. In K. MacFarlane & J. Waterman (Eds.), Sexual abuse of young children (pp. 151-163). New York: Guilford.

     Kempe, R. S. (1987). A developmental approach to the treatment of the abused child. In R. E. Helfer & R. S. Kempe (Eds.), The battered child (4th ed., pp. 360-381). Chicago: University of Chicago.

     Kempe, R. S., & Goldbloom, R. B. (1987). Malnutrition and growth retardation ("failure to thrive") in the context of child abuse and neglect. In R. E. Helfer & R. S. Kempe (Eds.), The battered child (4th ed., pp. 312-336). Chicago: University of Chicago.

     Kirsh, S. (1984a). Adolescent problems: Dynamics and practice. In F. Maidman (Ed.), Child welfare: A source book of knowledge and practice (pp. 289-322). New York: Child Welfare League of America.

     Kirsh, S. (1984b). Working with unmarried parents. In F. Maidman (Ed.), Child welfare: A source book of knowledge and practice (pp. 357-390). New York: Child Welfare League of America.

     Kirsh, S., & Maidman, F. (1984). Child welfare problems and practice: An ecological approach. In F. Maidman (Ed.), Child welfare: A source book of knowledge and practice (pp. 1-14). New York: Child Welfare League of America.

     Knitzer, J., & Aber, J. L. (1995). Young Children in Poverty: Facing the Facts. American Journal of Orthopsychiarty, 65(2), 174-176.

     Korbin, J. E. (1987). Child abuse and neglect: The cultural context. In R. E. Helfer & R. S. Kempe (Eds.), Public/private interplay in social protection: A comparative study (pp. 23-41). Chicago: University of Chicago.

     Krugman, R. (1987). The assessment process of a child protection team. In R. E. Helfer & R. S. Kempe (Eds.), The battered child (4th ed., pp. 127-136). Chicago: University of Chicago.

     Krugman, R., & Jones, D. P. H. (1987). Incest and other forms of sexual abuse. In R. E. Helfer & R. S. Kempe (Eds.), The battered child (4th ed., pp. 286-300). Chicago: University of Chicago.

     Leashore, B. R., McMurray, H. L., & Bailey, B. C. (1991). Reuniting and preserving African american families. In J. E. Everett & S. S. Chipungu & B. R. Leashore (Eds.), Child welfare: An Africentric perspective (pp. 247-265). New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers.

     Leslie, W., & Conroy, J. (1999). Satisfaction of children in out-of-home care. Child Welfare, LXXVII(1), 53-69.

     LeVine, E. S., & Sallee, A. L. (1999). Child welfare: Clinical theory and practice. Dubuque, IA: eddie bowers publishing.

     Lewis, D. O., Yeager, C. A., Lovely, R., Stein, A., & Cobham-Portorreal, C. S. (1994). A Clinical Follow-up of Delinquent Males: Ignored Vunerabilities, Unmet Needs, and the Perpetuation of Violence. Journal of American ACAD Child Adolescent Psychiatry, 33(4), 518-528.

     Lewis, O. (1963). The children of Sanchez. New York: Vintage Books (Random House).

     Lieberman, A., Hornby, H., & Russell, M. (1988). Analyzing the Educational Backgrounds and Work Experiences of Child Welfare Personnel: A National Study. Social Work, 485-489.

     Litzelfelner, P., & Petr, C. G. (1997). Case Advocacy in Child Welfare. Social Work, 42(4), 392-402.

     Lloyd, R. M. (1992). Negotiating child sexual abuse: The interactional character of investigative practices. Social Problems, 39(2), 109-124.

     Long, S. (1986). Guidelines for treating young children. In K. MacFarlane & J. Waterman (Eds.), Sexual abuse of young children (pp. 220-243). New York: Guilford.

     Lukschu, M., & Bays, J. (1996). Inflected Incision of the Penis. Child Abuse and Neglect, 20(10), 979--981.

     Lusk, R., & Waterman, J. (1986). Effects of sexual abuse on children. In K. MacFarlane & J. Waterman (Eds.), Sexual abuse of young children (pp. 101-120). New York: Guilford.

     MacEachron, A. E., Gustavsson, N. S., & Cross, S. (1996). The Effectiveness of the Indian Child Welfare Act of 1978. Social Service Review, 451-463.

     MacFarlane, K. (1986a). Child sexual abuse allegations in divorce proceedings. In K. MacFarlane & J. Waterman (Eds.), Sexual abuse of young children (pp. 121-150). New York: Guilford.

     MacFarlane, K. (1986b). Helping parents cope with extrafamilial molestation. In K. MacFarlane & J. Waterman (Eds.), Sexual abuse of young children (pp. 299-314). New York: Guilford.

     MacFarlane, K., & Krebs, S. (1986a). Techniques for interviewing and evidence gathering. In K. MacFarlane & J. Waterman (Eds.), Sexual abuse of young children (pp. 67-100). New York: Guilford.

     MacFarlane, K., & Krebs, S. (1986b). Videotaping of interviews and court testimony. In K. MacFarlane & J. Waterman (Eds.), Sexual abuse of young children (pp. 164-196). New York: Guilford.

     Maidman, F. (1984a). Assessment frameworks. In F. Maidman (Ed.), Child welfare: A source book of knowledge and practice (pp. 423-436). New York: Child Welfare League of America.

     Maidman, F. (1984b). Child protection: Issues and practice. In F. Maidman (Ed.), Child welfare: A source book of knowledge and practice (pp. 15-64). New York: Child Welfare League of America.

     Maidman, F. (1984c). Physical child abuse: Dynamics and practice. In F. Maidman (Ed.), Child welfare: A source book of knowledge and practice (pp. 135-182). New York: Child Welfare League of America.

     Maidman, F. (1984d). A problem solving approach to child welfare practice. In F. Maidman (Ed.), Child welfare: A source book of knowledge and practice (pp. 391-422). New York: Child Welfare League of America.

     Maidman, F. (1984e). Sexual abuse in the family: Dynamics and treatment. In F. Maidman (Ed.), Child welfare: A source book of knowledge and practice (pp. 183-212). New York: Child Welfare League of America.

     Maidman, F. (1984f). Working with neglecting families: Dynamics and practice. In F. Maidman (Ed.), Child welfare: A source book of knowledge and practice (pp. 89-134). New York: Child Welfare League of America.

     Mather, J. H., & Lager, P. B. (2000). Child welfare: A unifying model of practice. Belmont: Brooks/Cole Publishing.

     McDonald, J. (1997). FY97 University Partnership and Training Highlights, Child Welfare Training Institute. Springfield: Illinois Department of Chilren and Family Services.

     McMillen, J. C., & Groze, V. (1994). Using placement genograms in child welfare practice. Child Welfare, LXXIII(4), 307-318.

     McNichol, T. (1999). The impact of drug-exposed children on family foster care. Child Welfare, LXXVII(1), 184-196.

     Meezan, W. (1999, October 5, 1999). Translating Rhetoric to Reality: The Future of Family and Children's Services. Paper presented at the Inaugural Address: Marrion Elizabeth Blue.

     Moroney, R. M. (1986). Shared responsibility:Families and social policy. New York: Aldine.

     Mulroy, E. A., & Shay, S. (1997). Nonprofit Organizations and Innovation: A model of Neighborhood-based collaboration to prevent child maltreatment. Social Work, 42(5), 515-523.

     Mutschler, E. (1979). Using single-case evaluation procedures in a family and children's service agency: Integration of Practice and Research. Journal of Social Service Research, 3(1), 115-134.

     Nelson, B. J. (1984). Making an issue of child abuse. Chicago: University of Chicago.

     O'Brian, C. (1994). Transracial adoption in Hong Kong. Child Welfare, LXXIII(4), 319-330.

     Office of the Inspector General, I. D. o. C. a. F. S. (1999). Substance abuse recovery: Helpful guidelines for parents and caretakers. Springfield, IL: Illinois Department of Children and Family Services.

     Olsen, L. J. (1995). Services for substance Abuse-afflicted families: The Project Connect Experience. Child and Adolescent Social work Journal, 183-196.

     Olsen, L. J., Allen, D., & Azzi-Lessing, L. (1996). Assessing Risk in Families Affected by Substance Abuse. Child Abuse and Neglect, 20(9), 833-842.

     ORS amendments(1997)., ORS 419A.004

ORS 419A.050 (1997 regular session ed.).

     Parrish, R. The Proof is in the Details: Investigation and Prosecution of Shaken Baby Cases (pp. 4-5). Salt Lake City, UT: National Information, Support and Referral Service.

     Pecora, P. J., Whittaker, J. K., Maluccio, A. N., Barth, R. P., & Plotnik, R. D. (1992). The child welfare challenge: policy, practice and research. New York: Aldine De Gruyter.

     Pipitone, J., & Maidman, F. (1984). Residential child care. In F. Maidman (Ed.), Child welfare: A source book of knowledge and practice (pp. 263-288). New York: Child Welfare League of America.

     Poiter, V. L., Niliwaambieni, M., & Rowe, C. L. (1997). A Rite of Passage Approach Designed to Preserve the Families of Substance-Abusing African American Women. Child Welfare, LXXVII(1), 173-195.

     Polansky, N. A. (1986). There is nothing so practical as a good theory. Child Welfare, LXV(1), 3-12.

     Polansky, N. A., Ammons, P. W., & Weathersby, B. L. (1983). Is There an American Standard of Child Care? Social Work, 341-345.

     Polansky, N. A., & Gaudin, J. M. (1983). Social Distancing of the Neglectful Family. Social Service Review, 196-208.

     Radbill, S. X. (1987). Children in a world of violence: A history of child abuse. In R. E. Helfer & R. S. Kempe (Eds.), The battered child (4th ed., pp. 3-22). Chicago: University of Chicago.

     Rankin, J. (1999, Issue Date). Battle-scarred Father tries to change DHS. Kennebec Journal and Morning Sentinal.

     Roderick, T. (1987, December 1987/January 1988). Johnny Can Learn to Negociate. Educational Leadership, 86-90.

     Rycus, J. S., Hughes, R. C., & Garrison, J. K. (1989). Child Protective Services (training curriculum ). Columbus, OH

Washington, DC: Institute for Human Services

Child Welfare League of America.

     Sager, C. J., Steer, H., Crohn, H., Rodstein, E., & Walker, E. (1980). Remarriage Revisited. Family and Child Mental Health Journal, 6(1), 19-33.

     Schmitt, B. D. (1987). The child with nonaccidental trauma. In R. E. Helfer & R. S. Kempe (Eds.), The battered child (4th ed., pp. 178-196). Chicago: University of Chicago.

     Seagull, E. A. (1987). The child psychologist's role in family assessment. In R. E. Helfer & R. S. Kempe (Eds.), The battered child (4th ed., pp. 152-177). Chicago: University of Chicago.

     Shepherd, J. R. (1987). Law enforcement's role in the investigation of family violence. In R. E. Helfer & R. S. Kempe (Eds.), The battered child (4th ed., pp. 392-400). Chicago: University of Chicago.

     Silver, J., DiLorenzo, P., Zukoski, M., Ross, P. E., Amster, B. J., & Schlegel, D. (1999). Starting young: Improving the health and developmental outcomes of infants and toddlers in the child welfare system. Child Welfare, LXXVII(1), 148-165.

     Silverman, F. N. (1987). Radiology and other imaging procedures. In R. E. Helfer & R. S. Kempe (Eds.), The battered child (4th ed., pp. 214-246). Chicago: University of Chicago.

     Simms, M. D., Freundlich, M., Battistelli, E. S., & Kaufman, N. D. (1999). Delivering health care and mental health care services to children in family foster care after welfare and health care reform. Child Welfare, LXXVII(1), 166-183.

     Smith, A. (1992). Police Reforms in Child Abuse Investigation: Their Success and Limitations in the Struggle to Uphold Children's Rights. Children and Society, 6(2), 104-110.

     Steele, B. (1987a). Psychodynamic factors in child abuse. In R. E. Helfer & R. S. Kempe (Eds.), The battered child (4th ed., pp. 81-114). Chicago: University of Chicago.

     Steele, B. (1987b). Reflections on the therapy of those who maltreat children. In R. E. Helfer & R. S. Kempe (Eds.), The battered child (4th ed., pp. 382-391). Chicago: University of Chicago.

     Stevenson, C. S., Larson, C. S., Carter, L. S., Gomby, D. S., Terman, D. L., & Behrman, R. E. (1996). The juvenile court: Analysis and recommendations. The future of children: The juvenile court, 6(3), 4-28.

     Straus, M. A., & Kantor, G. K. (1987). Stress and child abuse. In R. E. Helfer & R. S. Kempe (Eds.), The battered child (4th ed., pp. 42-59). Chicago: University of Chicago.

     Sullivan, T. R. (1994). Obstacles toeffective child welfare services with gay and lesbian youths. Child Welfare, LXXIII(4), 291-304.

     Taffel, R. (1996, May/June 1996). The Second Family: a teen's peer group is a rich resource for family therapists. Networker, 37-46.

     Tara S. v. Jess McDonald, Director DCFS(1999)., (pp. 1): United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois Eastern Division.

     Taylor, R. L. (1991). Child rearing in African American families. In J. E. Everett & S. S. Chipungu & B. R. Leashore (Eds.), Child welfare: An Africentric perspective (pp. 119-155). New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers.

     Testa, M., & Rolock, N. (1999). Professional foster care: A future worth pursuing? Child Welfare, LXXVII(1), 108-124.

     Thompson, C. L., & Rudolph, L. B. (1996). Counselling children (4th ed.). Pacific Grove: Brooks/Cole.

     Thrasher, S. P., & Mowbray, C. T. (1995). A Strengths Perspective: An Ethnographic Study of Homeless Women with Children. Health and Social Work, 20(2), 93-101.

     Todaro, A. W., Failla, S., & Caldwell, T. H. (1993). A Model for Training Community-Based Providers for Children with Special Health Care Needs. Journal of School Health, 63(6), 262-265.

     Toshio, T. (1991). Overview of child abuse and neglect. In J. E. Everett & S. S. Chipungu & B. R. Leashore (Eds.), Child welfare: An Africentric perspective (pp. 187-219). New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers.

     Turner, R. J. (1991). Affirming consciousness: The Africentric perspective. In J. E. Everett & S. S. Chipungu & B. R. Leashore (Eds.), Child welfare: An Africentric perspective (pp. 36-57). New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers.

     Usher, C., Wildfire, J. B., & Gibbs, D. A. (1999). Measuring performance in child welfare: Secondary effects of success. Child Welfare, LXXVII(1), 31-52.

     Waldfogel, J. (1998). The future of child protection: How to break the cycle of abuse and neglect. Cambridge, MA: Harvard university press.

     Waterman, J. (1986a). Developmental considerations. In K. MacFarlane & J. Waterman (Eds.), Sexual abuse of young children (pp. 15-29). New York: Guilford.

     Waterman, J. (1986b). Family dynamics of incest with young children. In K. MacFarlane & J. Waterman (Eds.), Sexual abuse of young children (pp. 204-219). New York: Guilford.

     Waterman, J. (1986c). Overview of treatment issues. In K. MacFarlane & J. Waterman (Eds.), Sexual abuse of young children (pp. 197-203). New York: Guilford.

     Waterman, J., & Lusk, R. (1986). Scope of the problem. In K. MacFarlane & J. Waterman (Eds.), Sexual abuse of young children (pp. 3-14). New York: Guilford.

     Waterman, J., MacFarlane, K., Conerly, S., Damon, L., Durfee, M. J., & Long, S. (1986). Challenges for the future. In K. MacFarlane & J. Waterman (Eds.), Sexual abuse of young children (pp. 315-332). New York: Guilford.

     Wells, K., & Tracy, E. (1996). Reorienting Intensive Family Preservation Services in Relation to Public Child Welfare Practice. Child Welfare, LXXV(6), 667-685.

     Wells, K., & Whittington, D. (1993). Child and Family Functioning after Intensive Family Preservation Services. Social Service Review, 55-81.

     Williams, C. C. (1991). Expanding the options in the quest for permanence. In J. E. Everett & S. S. Chipungu & B. R. Leashore (Eds.), Child welfare: An Africentric perspective (pp. 266-289). New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers.

     Wilson, A. L. (1987). Promoting positive parent-infant relationship. In R. E. Helfer & R. S. Kempe (Eds.), The battered child (4th ed., pp. 434-443). Chicago: University of Chicago.

     Wilson, M. N. (1991). The context of the African American family. In J. E. Everett & S. S. Chipungu & B. R. Leashore (Eds.), Child welfare: An Africentric perspective (pp. 85-118). New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers.

     Wolff, J. M. (1990). Bite Marks: Recognizing Child Abuse and Identifying Abusers. Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Human Services, 493-499.

     Zumwalt, R. E., & Hirsch, C. S. (1987). Pathology of fatal child abuse and neglect. In R. E. Helfer & R. S. Kempe (Eds.), The battered child (4th ed., pp. 247-285). Chicago: University of Chicago.